Management By Objectives :: Business Management Studies

The executives By Objectives MBO Principles: * Cascading of hierarchical objectives and targets. * Specific targets for every part. * Participative dynamic. * Explicit timespan. * Performance assessment and criticism. Kinds of goals: * Routine targets. * Innovation targets. * Improvement targets. The target must be: o Focused on an outcome, not a movement. o Consistent. o Specific. o Measurable. o Related to time. o Attainable. MBO technique has three fundamental parts: 1. All people inside an association are doled out an uncommon set of destinations that they attempt to reach during an ordinary working enough said. These goals are commonly set and settled upon by people and their administrators. 2. Execution surveys are led intermittently to decide how close people are to achieving their goals. 3. Prizes are given to people based on how close they come to arriving at their objectives. MBO has six phases: 1. Characterize corporate destinations at wide level. 2. Dissect the board assignments and devise formal employment details, which apportion duties and choices to person directors. 3. Set execution gauges. 4. Concur and set explicit targets. 5. Adjust singular focuses to corporate targets. 6. Set up an administration data framework to screen accomplishments against targets. The 8 key outcome territories where administrators must seek after clear targets are: Â · Marketing. Â · Innovation. Â · Human association. Â · Financial assets. Â · Physical assets. Â · Productivity. Â · Social obligation. Â · Profit necessity. MBO Key Advantages and Disadvantages: Favorable circumstances o MBO programs consistently stress what ought to be done in an association to accomplish hierarchical objectives. o MBO process ties down worker duty to accomplishing authoritative objectives. Burdens o The advancement of targets can be tedious, leaving both administrators and representatives less time in which to accomplish their genuine work. o The expand composed objectives, cautious correspondence of objectives, and point by point execution assessment required in a MBO program increment the volume of administrative work in an association. Overseeing for Results: The Eight Perceptions: Â · Resources and results exist outside, not inside, the business.

Experiencing Salvation in as I Lay Dying

Encountering Salvation in As I Lay Dying ENGLISH 215 October 31, 2011 William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying communities on the foolish excursion that the Bundren family takes to Jefferson to cover their dead mother, Addie. Faulkner outlines this excursion through the viewpoint of different storytellers with a particular spotlight on the characters’ deepest considerations and profound inside monologs. In spite of the fact that the novel’s plot rotates around the Bundren family, characters outside of the family are basic to give a goal see. Without these outside characters, quite a bit of Faulkner’s critique would be lost.One of the most significant characters outside of the Bundren family is Cora Tull. It is through her character that Faulkner makes his most strong editorial on the thoughts of wrongdoing, salvation, and affectation. With the solid incongruity that is utilized all through the novel, Faulkner turns Cora’s apparently perfect good character and uses her rather for instance of what not to be. Through the juxtaposition of Addie and Cora, Faulkner looks to feature strict bad faith and show that Cora’s thought of strict salvation is faulty.Instead, Faulkner accepts (as exhibited through Addie) that genuine salvation comprises of an illuminated condition of mindfulness and solid comprehension of one’s own wrongdoing. Religion is reverberated in each aspect of Cora’s life. By all accounts, she gives off an impression of being a thoughtful Christian soul, yet it turns out to be rapidly clear that Cora’s view of religion is slanted. Cora is constantly observed serving her neighbors yet Cora’s good cause isn't certified. She serves not out of affection, yet to keep up a Christian appearance and get a guaranteed superb prize (23, 93).When Cora endeavors to serve, even her better half (Vernon Tull) remarks that she attempts to â€Å"crowd different people away and get in nearer than any other i ndividual (71). †She is worried about the interminable condition of others around her, however once more, her anxiety isn't out of affection. Cora expresses that no one but God can see into the heart (167), yet in her devotion Cora condemns others and accepts that they might be spared in the event that they embrace her works based religion.Cora’s educational encounters have just expanded her craving to serve all the more obediently on the grounds that she has earned the regard of others in the network. In this unexpected manner, Cora’s affectation has served her well on this planet. Conversely, Addie’s educational encounters have formed her into a rebellious, unfulfilled and unpleasant lady. Through Cora’s eyes, Addie is an awful mother and is in urgent need of contrition. Cora accepts that Addie is oblivious in regards to her own wrongdoing and that it is heretical to trust in Jewel as opposed to going to God for salvation.However, it is Cora that can't see and condemns aimlessly. Cora doesn't have the foggiest idea about the suggestions behind Addie’s partiality to Jewel and that the man Cora has put on such a sacred platform (Minister Whitfield) is in certainty a wellspring of Addie’s sin. Cora doesn't have a clue about that it was Minister Whitfield that needed to conceal the issue and that Addie’s agree to stay calm were out of affection for the concise fulfillment she had found in him †Addie has consistently stayed certified; she wanted to be deceitful.Cora’s misled decisions are brimming with words that â€Å"go straight up in a slender line, speedy and innocuous (173). † In Addie’s area in the novel, she portrays the scene where Cora needs Addie to supplicate with her to get a salvation (168, 174). The explanation Cora believed that Addie could get salvation by saying a supplication is on the grounds that Cora’s religion is vacant, loaded with thoughtless words and â€Å"people to whom sin is simply an issue of words, to them salvation is simply words as well (176). Cora’s word-situated strict affectation is an immediate indication of Addie’s thought that words need meaning and are only â€Å"shape(s) to fill a need (172). † In recognizing the contrasts among Addie and Cora, it is clarified who can at last experience salvation. Despite the fact that devout Cora may have encountered some common achievement, Faulkner is recommending that she will never acquire salvation since she is blinded in her false reverence and is overwhelmed by obligation and a works-based religion. Cora knows sin as it very well may be communicated in words yet not in practice.Addie knows the degree of transgression on the grounds that (in contrast to Cora) she has really experienced it. Despite the fact that Addie communicates discontent, she is at any rate mindful of her wrongdoing and its relationship to the idea of her being. Faulkner reprimands Cora’s critical, devious, and devout character and rather presents Addie’s mindful, genuine, and even minded understanding as the best approach to encounter blessing in this life. It is Addie, not Cora, who will get the award of genuine illumination and salvation.

How to Cite a NASA Webpage

How to Cite a NASA Webpage (1) To infinity and beyond! Outer space has captivated our collective attention for years, and there’s no better place for aspiring astronauts to visit than the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) website. NASA.gov is filled with fascinating facts about our solar system and space exploration. It’s the perfect place to visit for any space-related assignment, whether you’re in elementary school or college. But how does one go about citing information found on a NASA webpage? helps you cite in the most common styles and thousands of others, too, for websites and just about any source type you can think of. There are also free guides for doing MLA in-text citations and an MLA annotated bibliography, too. If you’ve cited a website before, you’ll be happy to know that the process for citing information from NASA is pretty much the same. Even if you’ve never cited a website, it shouldn’t be too trickyâ€"especially with our handy-dandy guide in tow! Below, learn how to cite a NASA webpage in three commonly used citation styles in MLA, APA and Chicago style. We’ll be using this page in the examples. When you’re citing a website, there’s information that you’ll need to gather before you can begin. That information would be: Name of the author or authors Title of the website article Date published and/or modified URL Cite a NASA webpage in MLA format For MLA style citations, the basic format will look like this: Author Last Name, First Initial. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Website, date published, URL.   For the article “Martian Dust Could Help Explain Water Loss, Plus Other Learnings From Global Storm” from NASA’s website, the basic citation would look like this: Shekhtman, L. “Martian Dust Could Help Explain Water Loss, Plus Other Learnings From Global Storm.” NASA, 2 May 2019, www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/martian-dust-could-help-explain-planet-s-water-loss-plus-other-learnings-from-recent-global.   Cite a NASA webpage in APA format If you’re working in APA style, you’ll take that basic information and the citation will look something like this: Author Last Name, First Initial. (Date). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from //URL.   So for that article on the NASA website, the citation would look like this: Shekhtman, L. (2019, May 2). Martian dust could help explain water loss, plus other learnings from global storm. Retrieved from //www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/martian-dust-could-help-explain-planet-s-water-loss-plus-other-learnings-from-recent-global Cite a NASA webpage in MLA format For a Chicago style citation, keep the general basic format: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of the Article.” Title of Website, Date Modified. URL. With that NASA article, it would look like this: Shekhtman, Lonnie. “Martian Dust Could Help Explain Water Loss, Plus Other Learnings From Global Storm.” NASA, May 2, 2019. //www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/martian-dust-could-help-explain-planet-s-water-loss-plus-other-learnings-from-recent-global Before you turn in your next paper, visit EasyBib for a free grammar check. Stuck for a paper idea? Check the EasyBib topic guides and get inspired by interesting history facts!

Cleaning Company-Discrimination Case Study Essay - 772 Words

Assignment #1 (10 marks) Case 3: Running Case: Carter Cleaning Company –Discrimination? Human Resources Management HRMT 301-103 Submitted To: Dr. Hasan Submitted By: Sarah Hallett, 300515800 Hints: The above cases are all related to the contents in Chapters 1 and 2 of the textbook. You should also refer to the relevant websites to get required information to support your answers Requirements and Marking Criteria: 1. For the case you choose to analyze, answer each question in essay form. 2. Apply your HRM knowledge and the relevant HRM principles, where applicable, to analyze and evaluate the facts and business practices in the case. Use your analytical skills to analyze the root causes of the existing†¦show more content†¦Jennifer has to address all of these issues immediately, or her and Carter Cleaning Company could have a lot of legal charges on their hands. b.) How should she and her father address the charges of sexual harassment? If the manager is guilty, what should they do? Ontario Human Rights Code: 7.2 - Every person who is an employee has a right to freedom from harassment in the workplace because of sex by his or her employer or agent of the employer or by another employee * Conduct an investigation immediately after a complaint, * Take statements * Respect the privacy of both individuals, * Avoid revealing confidential details to outside parties. * Verify statements, compare with evidence and other information gathered during investigation. * Comply with company policies, punish harasser according to policy. c.) Does the 63 year old have a complaint for which he can file a charge? Under which legislation? How should this pay issue be addressed? Yes, under the Ontario Ministry of Labour it says equal pay for equal work. The Employment Standards Act, 2000 (ESA), on the other hand, has provisions that ensure women and men receive equal pay for performing substantially the same job. That is, they are entitled to receive equal pay for equal work, meaning work that is substantially the same, requiring the same skill, effort and responsibility andShow MoreRelatedSolution To Carter Cleaning Company 1600 Words   |  7 PagesCarter Cleaning Company: Introduction Q.1. Jennifer asks that you make a list of five specific HR problems you think Carter Cleaning will have to grapple with. Answer: In my opinion, the carter Cleaning Company will have to face the following specific HR related problems. a) High Turnovers: One of the HR issues that the case deals with is high employees’ turnover rate. As mentioned in the case, the nature of job does not require higher skills and therefore most of the employees are unskilled. TheseRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Wage Gap Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesGender Discrimination and the Wage Gap Definitions Gender discrimination has been a controversial topic since the introduction of the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923. Gender discrimination is defined in the Encyclopedia of Small Business as any action that specifically denies opportunities, privileges, or rewards to a person (or a group) because of gender (Burton, 2011, p.617). While women are often the subject of gender discrimination, men may also find themselves being discriminated against. CasesRead MoreThe Problem of Gender Discrimination1097 Words   |  4 PagesISSUES Gender discrimination is a problem which has been shed light on since a very long time but is still prevalent globally. Gender discrimination is described as the unfavorable treatment of individuals on the basis of their gender, which in turn denies them rights in a society along with other opportunities and resources (Reeves Baden, 2000). The ratio of gender discrimination remains higher in developing countries as compared to developed economies. Gender discrimination exists in the differentRead MoreA Time Of Revolution And A Reflection Of Modern America1563 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1980s was the decade the made us and changed our generations into what it is today. There was a major event about women inequality, salaries gap and job discrimination. These women gamed their employment right because they claimed them self to be citizen, and one of the right American citizen is to be able find job without any discrimination. It was decades ago when women were seen upon as slaves to the hard Working, man. In today s society women are more respected and are acceptable for manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagessue the company for discrimination, unequal pay and the roles of job. The three major issues that women have been dealing with since the early 19th century and still today which are The Stereotype of a woman s role, equal pay, and discrimination in the workplace. According to Baluta, gender roles were generated from the seventeenth- to eighteenth century where men and women practice those methods. Is has been forever that the view of woman was taking care the house by cooking, cleaning, and seeingRead MoreMarketing Glitz1281 Words   |  6 Pages1003 MKT Individual Assignment - Glitzz Case Study 1. What factors influence the pricing decisions for a product such as Glitzz? Analyze the factors and comment on the range of prices that can be set for Glitzz. The factors that influence the pricing decisions for Glitzz are the pricing objectives, costs, and demand. The pricing objectives will be needed to direct the role of the price in the market. Higher prices will need to be set if the objective is to have higher profit margin instead ofRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Of Environmental Justice1746 Words   |  7 Pagesof environmental laws, regulations, and policies. The other is a mixed body of social science literature pertaining to anything from environmental laws to political ecology. Primarily based around the concept of injustices carried out by energy companies, environmental injustice is still a rampant problem in todays wide variety of social justice issues. While the prior two meanings mentioned are the main ones, some other definitions include equitable distribution of environmental risks and benefits;Read MoreThe Daunting Workplace: Barriers to Unemployment Among the Poor900 Words   |  4 Pagestrue feelings, and face great fear of rejection. Individuals who suffer with low self-esteem tend to become passive until their anger builds at which point they can become aggressive-defensive, sarcastic, curt, or rude, even violent such as is the case with domestic, gang, and teen violence. These traits are not exactly considered ideal in the workplace and employers dont have the time nor the inclination to teach basic communication and problem solving skills to their employees. Employees lackingRead MoreMgt 515 Case 1 Gelato Eeo and Hrm2184 Words   |  9 Pages Management 516 Module1 Case Study: Gelato EEO and HRM 2013 Professor: INTRODUCTION Companies operating in the United States need to be in compliant with Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) regulations. There are many laws that are governed by EEOC regulations but in this paper, I will review Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). I will apply these two laws to the Gelato company hiring practice operating outRead MoreNEW PAY PLAN1298 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿1. Is the company at the point where it should be setting up a formal salary structure based on a complete job evaluation? Why? Yes, by setting up a formal salary structure is being fair to the employees because the salary being paid based on the job task rather than pay the salary based on gender. When the salary structure being fair, it leads satisfaction among the employees and as a result the turnover will be at low rate. Besides, the company also can control their financial operation by doing

African Americans And The Civil War - 1309 Words

In the summer of 1619, the first Africans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia not to live as free settlers but as subordinate slaves. They worked strenuously for Whites, who considered themselves superior to Africans, without much benefit. Racism is not just the belief that one race is superior to others, but the act of negatively identifying individuals based on the color of their skin. Attributing race to individual character has proven to have negative implications that are difficult to mend. There have been different approaches to rectify the effects of racism dating back even before the Civil War. One of the fruition of these attempts is Affirmative Action, which was initially enforced â€Å"to ensure equality in hiring† among minorities. Later, Affirmative Action was amended to include education under its protection. Throughout its duration, however, it has alleviated the racial tension unsubstantially. Affirmative Action’s attempt to halt the racial disparities i n higher education that has burdened the African Americans constitutes an inconsequential solution: It forges the same environment suffering the struggle it has been trying to eradicate. Racism in America has incessantly tried to prevent minorities from advancing in higher education. Prior to the Emancipation Proclamation, laws precluded African slaves from reading and writing. If caught in violation, their White enslavers severely punished the slaves, including the inhumane, coercive wearing of iron muzzle. WithShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans And The Civil War1076 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout history African Americans have had is bad in the United States. First they went through slavery which lasted about two hundred year and was ended around the Civil War which was in the 1860s-1870s. Next after they went through slavery they went through the law of Jim Crow that started after the Civil War which stated, â€Å"Separate but Equal†, and that was not the case because African Americans were still treated as second class citizens. After about ninety years around the 1960s Dr. MartinRead MoreAfrican Americans and the Civil War774 Words   |  4 PagesEssay African Americans and the Civil War Slavery affected many of the political reasons that contributed to causing the Civil War in 1961. Most in the Northern states including President Lincoln were more concerned with preserving the Union rather than fighting for the freedom of all. On the other hand the South fought to preserve what they believed to be absolute state rights. However the overall goals of the war were altered significantly by the willingness of African Americans during war. ThisRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War1449 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the Civil War began, they wanted to take part in fighting to free all slaves. At the end of the civil war passed the civil rights act that gave citizenship to people that are born in the united states, years later African American men were given the right to vote. This might give equal rights but African Americans are still being discriminated. Almost century later, African Americans are still being discriminated. They got jobs and their kids go to school, but more notice that it wasn t rightRead MoreThe Civil War On African Americans Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe years preceding the Civil War were monstrous for African Americans located in the South of the country. Northerners and Southerners would argue that their visions of how society is structured is the right way and should be expanded throughout the nation. Southerners claimed that slavery is okay, and it’s a positive labor system. On the contrary, Northerners claim that laborers should be paid by wage, men should have equal opportunities, and slaves should gain freedom. The four most significantRead MoreAfrican American And The Civil War876 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1865, when the civil war ended in America and slavery was abolished, the African American population in the South faced many challenges related to their new found freedom. Following the pos t-Civil War Reconstruction period, white supremacy resurfaced in the South (AE Television, 2015). Beginning in the early 1900s through 1970 there was a mass exodus of African American s from South to North America. Although some African American s were known to have moved from the South as early as 1850Read MoreThe Civil War Of African Americans1010 Words   |  5 Pagescentury. For an African American, the word â€Å"life† evolved from a word that meant absolutely nothing, to a word that stood for an individual’s highest commodity. After the civil war, emancipation for slaves transformed from a dream to a reality. Although the civil war finally ended in 1865 after four years of fighting, certain citizens and groups across the nation still remained in a state if disagreement with the freedom granted to African Americans. The years after the civil war revolutionizedRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War1540 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical backdrop of the Uni ted States, African Americans have dependable been victimized. When Africans first came to America, they had no choice but to be slaves. The progressed toward becoming slaves to the rich, covetous, lethargic Americans. African Americans had given no compensation and regularly whipped and beaten. They battled for their opportunity, yet when the Civil War came African Americans had this logic that if they were to join the Civil War they could liberate all slaves. HoweverRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War859 Words   |  4 Pagesslavery, predominately in the American South, African-Americans were finally set free from bondage. The fourteenth and fifteenth amendments quickly followed, granting citizenship to â€Å"all persons born or naturalized in the United States† and granting African American men the right to vote, respectively. Naturally, Americans denoted these momentous legislative feats, collectively packaged as the Reconstruction Amendments, as a means of c elebration for African-Americans. However, in order to rectifyRead MoreAfrican Americans in the Civil War1971 Words   |  8 PagesAnderson HIST 3060 February 25, 13 African Americans and the Civil War The role African Americans played in the outcome, and the road to the outcome of the Civil War was immense. The fact that the south had slaves and the north did not played an enormous role in the issues. The north wanted to abolish slavery, and the south did not and after the war started this became one of the main reasons for the Civil War. Since most African Americans could not read or write, this made them an easyRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil War971 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the civil war African Americans hoped that the world they lived in would be an equal one; little did they know they had more struggles to conquer. Three major amendments were passed to provide African Americans with equality; the 13th amendment officially and finally put an end to slavery and any future involuntary servitude, the 14th amendment states that colored men and women were given citizenship, and the 15th amendment gave black men the right to vote. Although these amendments were passed

Drug and Alcohol Abuse Free Essays

Tavish Hower Mr. Peterson Plutto4@aol. com English 101 11 December 2012 Teenage Alcohol and Drug Abuse Every hour, over 3,500  teenagers try drugs  for the first time. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug and Alcohol Abuse or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Drug facts) This outrageous statistic sadly applies to many of my classmates and peers. Through first hand experiences and other people’s mistakes, I have learned the dangers of teen alcohol and drug abuse. In Desert Mountain High School alone, over 50 percent of the 20 students I asked smoke marijuana on a fairly regular basis. Marijuana is known to decrease productivity and motivation which is extremely dangerous to the minds of potential young scholars. Whether or not the cause seems to be justified, most teens do not realize the harm they are causing themselves and the people who love them when they abuse drugs and alcohol. The source of teen drug use is different in almost every case. However, drug use generally starts among young people due to stress and issues with self- confidence and fitting in. At a school like Desert Mountain High School, where popularity seems to be more important than academics, one can easily see how drugs can be a gateway to make friends and gain social status. â€Å"When I got to high school things changed. I felt distant from people, and had to fight harder to have friends — and I was shy all the time. Then I began hanging out with older kids, going to parties and skipping school. My parents didn’t like my new friends and enforced strict rules. I quit school and my relationship with my family fell apart. I started smoking pot and drinking heavily. I was taking mushrooms and acid daily. Finally I wasn’t shy around people anymore. I had more â€Å"friends† than ever before and for the first time I felt like I was a part of something. People wanted to hang out with me. I felt cool. † (Check yourself) In some cases, students are quoted as saying â€Å"I only smoke because my parents are too protective of me. † This logic cannot be reasonable because although young people seem to believe their parents are controlling, they are usually just looking out for their child’s best interests. Parents are smart enough to know the dangerous impacts that drugs and alcohol can have on their kids for the rest of their lives. But all teens need is a reason to do it. Some of the ways you can tell a friend or classmate has started to abuse drugs are obvious. Others are not quite so visible. Teens have different ways of exhibiting drug use. Some of these include fatigue, health complaints, red eyes, coughing, personality changes, irritability, poor judgment, depression, and lack of interest. (Just think twice) Fatigue is a major problem among young drug users because it prevents them from accomplishing their goals, whether those goals are athletic, academic, or otherwise. Drugs have the ability to take over a person’s identity by causing users to become both dependent and obsessed with reaching new â€Å"highs. â€Å"One night I couldn’t find anything — no pills, no pot, I even looked for coke. Eventually I stumbled across heroin and snorted it. Some people told me that the high was a million times better if you shot it. So I did. Two seconds after pushing the heroin into my veins I felt like G-d. Nothing in the whole world compared to this experience. I fell in love. † (Check yourself) Teens often overlook th e many health problems associated with drug and alcohol dependency. Over time, drugs can cause separation from reality and eventually loved ones. Persistent usage of the now popular drug ecstasy causes drainage of spinal fluids and apparent hallucinations, eventually crippling its users. (Just think twice) Other drugs like heroin and methamphetamine have instant negative effects on their users. Meth users lose their teeth and start to look older then they are while heroin users turn pale and completely lose interest with the world around them. Teens are attempting to escape their realities at the unfortunate costs of their own health. I lost a lot of weight and stayed up all night, tweaked out in my room. I started stealing cash from my parents, tried mushrooms, LSD, and cocaine. I dropped everything: school, soccer. I was out having fun and I really didn’t care. † (Check yourself) Works Cited 1. ) â€Å"DRUG FACTS. †Ã‚  Drug Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. 2. ) â€Å"Drug Stories | CheckYourself. †Ã‚  Drug Stories | CheckYourself. N. p. , n. d. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. 3. ) â€Å"Just Think Twice . You’ve Heard the Fiction, Now Learn the Facts. †Ã‚  Just Think Twice. N. p. , n. d. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. How to cite Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Essay examples

How to improve your writing skill free essay sample

Education is important for Cambodia Student Education Is often the best tool for creating wealth and happiness. Education can help us to obtain and maintain our house, Job, and business In the future. The higher level of your education, the more average of salary you got. The higher opportunity for us is three times or more great than people who without high school degree or bachelor degree. Nowadays the job rates opportunity in Cambodia is low. So we need higher education to get some good Job to improve the quality of our life. On the other hand Education can also help business person make more money because they use their education tend to make more Inform declslon for their consumers, There are three kinds of book owners There are three kinds of book owners. The first hast all standard sets and best sellers who unread and untouched. The second has a great many books, a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as he day they were bought. We will write a custom essay sample on How to improve your writing skill or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This person would probably like to make books his own, but Is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance. The third has a few books or many but every one of them dog-eared and broken down, shake and loosen by continual use, marked and scribbled from front to back. Computer have provided great benefits to modern society Undoubtedly, one of the most significant innovations in recent years has been computer technology. However, a matter of considerable controversy at present is the ssue whether the modern world benefits from artificial intelligence, or is rather addicted to using it. Apart from being time-saving, computers can also do things which people could hardly do before. For instance, people can find and share information in Just a few seconds, or spend their free time reading electronic books, listening to music or even connecting with people from the other corners of the world. Furthermore, many scientists agree that computer technology plays a major role in modern medicine, in the future genetic engineers could be able to find new ures for diseases like cancer, AIDS or diabets. Consequently, life-expectancy is longer than it used to be 20 years ago. Goldfish make the best pets for several reasons Goldfish is the best pets for several reasons which make us have a comfortable and good time. It didnt border us like dogs or cats that have vocal cords and make noises at the most inopportune times, like when youre trying to sleep. And Goldfish, all we need to keep a fish happy is a bowl or tank, some food and ample amounts of water. Also, you dont have to worry that your goldfish is going to go piddle in the corner when youre away from home for a few hours. Goldfish dont require all of that. We just pick up a Jar of special fishy flakes from the pet store and youre good to go for several months which do not cost much. On the other hand Goldfish dont care if youre there or not. They spend their days sleeping, eating and swimming without a second thought about who is on the other side of the glass. So we dont need to spend time to entertain them.

Sexual Harassment and Cultural Diversity Essay Example

Sexual Harassment and Cultural Diversity Essay The following paper is discussion about how sexual harassment policies address issues of cultural diversity. Additionally, events have been added which have created such policies. The following paper is discussion about how sexual harassment policies address issues of cultural diversity. Additionally, events have been added which have created such policies. During the past few decades, a lot of attention has been given to sexual harassment and cultural diversity socially and academically. (Livingston, l982) Cultural diversity and sexual harassment have recognized to have a negative effect on job satisfaction and supervisor satisfaction. At first, women were not allowed to be given a good position where jobs were concerned, but now women have been given a chance in the managerial rankings. (Sheeran, l996)Certainly, there appears to be cultural contradiction, which originates in the desire of men to ensure promiscuity for themselves and chastity for women. (Podsakoff Todor, l985) The conventional perception of masculinity states that men are strong, controlling, and aggressive, whereas women by contrast are fragile and submissive. Additionally, Judo-Christian culture, indirectly proposes what females should remain pure until they are not married. Many of previous ideas have now been formalized into beliefs and a part of the society. Out of these, we can say that few have even effect the workplace. (Sheeran, 1996)It is the intention of this research to illustrate existing stereotypes of males and females regarding sexual behavior, and to investigate how these stereotypes have an effect on punishment for Sexual harassment and cultural diversity in workplace. (Morris, l997)DiscussionFor girls and women, sexual practices were the key markers of their status, in the same way that criminal activity marked boysEven though precocious or excessive heterosexual activity was not condoned for boys, it was never condemned in the way that it was for girls. (Podsakoff Todor, l985) Sexually transgress women in Ireland are demonized and branded as exotic, part of plan to demean as well as demoralize sexually liberated women who do not obey the rules of the stereotype of virgins or chaste mothers.Men have been portrayed as having relative freedom from sexual inhibition. As result, ambition, lust, as well as aggression have been viewed as positive male characteristics.Sex has been suggested as one influence in the disciplinary process. Â  An example could be that people are even more motivated in putting women behind bars for their wrong doings and make them suffer by giving them harsh punishments. Â  (Podsakoff Todor, l985) It is actually incredible stigma for grandmother to know that her grandchildren have always had to live with the knowledge of their grandma being in prison, or is granny gone bad. Podsakoff and Todor (l985) proposed no less than five types of subordinate influence on the disciplinary method: performance levels and capability, sex, em ployee appeal, likableness, as well as ingratiation. (Morris, l997) Supervisor attributions have been shown to have an effect on the kinds of punishment and its severity. (Schneider Swan, l994)Status incongruency hypothesis, which proposes that cultural distinctiveness lives in hierarchy males have additional positions than women, and inside sex Chinese, American, blacks, whites, people from Mexico and Japan are hierarchically positioned by race might shed light on how women harassers are seen as, as regards to men and women harassees. (Podsakoff Todor, 1985) Concepts of gender, united with ranking incongruency, propose that females might be more insensitively penalized for harassment, predominantly for harassing males.The lawful battle against sexual harassment in the U.S. has been explained as feminisms vast victory. The fight has mainly taken place in the courtroom, in the company of the civil law of sex prejudice, actionable under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964, the weapon of option. (Morris, 1997) But since its very early stages, sexual harassment law has aggravated discussion, condemnation, and resentment in the U.S. , and these analyses come from range of resources. The regulation of sexual harassment in the U.S. also initiated in sex discrimination regulation, but has not aggravated similar point of discussion. Continental Europe has, in general, been less amenable to advice about the biased problems of sexual harassment, even though general anti-bullying actions intended to contest behavior, frequently known as mobbing or ethical harassment have struck well-liked chord as an offend to human self-respect, and led to lawful exclusion. (Morris, 1997)In line with previous gender point of views, outcomes showed somewhat of dual standard. Through history, man has been seen as the figure who is responsible for harassing women and this harassment has been seen as being dangerous instead of a woman harassing a man. Although the crime of a woman har assing a man is though to be more offensive than a woman harassing the same sex. (Coles, 1986) Results taken as complete either propose that the idea of chivalry is living and fine, and/or that fresh lawsuits (for example Anita Hill and the Smith-Barney boom-boom room gossip) have focused on Sexual harassment and cultural diversity of women as mutually enveloping and serious crisis. (Podsakoff Todor, 1985) As the exposure theory proposes, awareness of women and sexual behavior might be varying because of socio-political circumstances plus the media. The exposure theory disagrees that considering larger figures of minority crowds in non-traditional positioned (e.g, director, self-sufficient self-governing woman, and plaintiff) will alleviate bias, because stereotypes are functioning in the nonattendance of information. Particularly, lack of information may add to bias since decisions are frequently based on unenthusiastic stereotypes. (Podsakoff Todor, 1985)The Queen Bee Syndrome c laims that due to of statistical bias, or affinity of firms to preserve only little number of slots at the firms peak for women, women as an assembly will rate the activities and presentation of other women more insensitively than the presentation of men. (Schneider Swan, 1994) substitute clarification for the potential of women to insensitively condemn each other is noticed in position incongruency hypothesis. Women who have internalized conventional communal views are extra probable to provide other women with lesser ratings and extra rigorous penalty than they ought to have. (Morris, 1997)Sexual harassment takes place at the workplace more often than we think so. Many employees leave due to this reason as they that they can not bring a change in something that has always taken place. In order to make sure the employees are in a safe environment, steps have to be taken in order to ensure that an employee is safe, physically and mentally, when in the organizations premises. Sexual harassment can be avoided at workplace by many methods. One of these ways includes Sexual Orientation. After learning about sexual orientation, employees believe that the workplace is a safe environment to work at. They feel safe and they have a higher level of cooperating in the working environment. Sexual harassment can also be avoided by training and prevention method. In this method, employees are taught to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy behavior. Additionally, they are also taught how to deal with both the circumstances. This method helps the employees to keep the workplace far from harassment at any given time.Many employees are unaware about cultural diversity and they believe it was just their luck that they were sexually harassed. Many Asians believe they can not work at a place where Americans or African-Americans are working. Through these different cultural diversity programs that are offered to the employees, human characteristics are not a topic that is g iven much attention by the employees from different cultures. This helps to create awareness among the employees working within an organization.Many companies with employees from different cultures are successful today because workplace diversity is not an issue for them to ponder on. What really matters is that the employees should be skilful and should be able to retain quality through out their career. This translates into satisfaction on the employees end and a comfortable environment for them to work in.ConclusionI believe, as firms carry on expanding, more investigation concerning biases (mainly considering to career derailment) is necessary. Sexual harassment policies of sexual harassment as well as cultural diversity alongside of race and gender, and dimensions like handicapped, age, and personality are essential to respond to the sorts of queries raised in this paper. (Podsakoff ; Todor, 1985)ReferencesMorris, L. (1997). The male heterosexual: Lust in his loins, sin in his soul? Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Sheeran, P., Spears, R., Abraham, C. S., ; Abrams, D. (1996). Religiosity, gender, and the double standard. The Journal of Psychology, 130, 23-33.Livingston, J. . (1982). Responses to sexual harassment on the job: Legal, organizational and individual actions. Journal of Social Issues, 38, 5-22.Schneider, K. T., ; Swan, S. (1994, April). Job-related, psychological, and health-related outcomes of sexual harassment. Paper presented at the Symposium on Sexual Harassment at th Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Nashville, TN.Coles, F. S. (1986). Forced to quit: Sexual harassment complaints and agency response. Sex Roles, 14, 81-95.Podsakoff, P. M., ; Todor, W. D. (1985). Relationships between leader reward and punishment behavior and group productivity. Journal of Management, 11, 55-73.

Free Essays on Consumer Behavior In Fast Food Industry

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Many people believe that fast food synonymous with the American lifestyle and it originates from the US. However, much fast food is European in origin, with a considerable history. This fast food culture started in Bangladesh in the late eighties and became very popular. Fast food affects a community in many aspects. It is mainly geared towards the younger end of the market. The preparation and service times are relatively quick in case of fast food. Fast food can be clearly distinguished from snack/confectionery items by its perishable nature. Objectives Broad objective: To develop a consumer behavioral profile for the fast-food industry. Specific objectives: To know briefly about the fast food industry. To identify the consumer characteristics of the fast food industry in Dhaka. The group influence regarding fast food. To identify the motivational factors that influences the fast food customers. To see the perception of consumers between any two fast food regions of Dhaka. To find the situational influences that affects the fast food buyers. To identify the evaluative criteria that the consumers use for selecting fast-food outlet. To construct a list of best fast food items in Dhaka City. Methodology The research is exploratory in nature. The study mainly covers the customers of fast foods of Dhaka City. A standard questionnaire was developed and pre tested before finalizing the questionnaire. A combination of open and close-ended questions was used in the questionnaire. Provision was there so the respondents could choose multiple responses in some of the questions. After pre testing the instrument, some questions were modified and a few ambiguous questions were dropped. Clustered sampling method was used to divide Dhaka City into different units and then convenient sampling was used. Sample was chosen... Free Essays on Consumer Behavior In Fast Food Industry Free Essays on Consumer Behavior In Fast Food Industry EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Many people believe that fast food synonymous with the American lifestyle and it originates from the US. However, much fast food is European in origin, with a considerable history. This fast food culture started in Bangladesh in the late eighties and became very popular. Fast food affects a community in many aspects. It is mainly geared towards the younger end of the market. The preparation and service times are relatively quick in case of fast food. Fast food can be clearly distinguished from snack/confectionery items by its perishable nature. Objectives Broad objective: To develop a consumer behavioral profile for the fast-food industry. Specific objectives: To know briefly about the fast food industry. To identify the consumer characteristics of the fast food industry in Dhaka. The group influence regarding fast food. To identify the motivational factors that influences the fast food customers. To see the perception of consumers between any two fast food regions of Dhaka. To find the situational influences that affects the fast food buyers. To identify the evaluative criteria that the consumers use for selecting fast-food outlet. To construct a list of best fast food items in Dhaka City. Methodology The research is exploratory in nature. The study mainly covers the customers of fast foods of Dhaka City. A standard questionnaire was developed and pre tested before finalizing the questionnaire. A combination of open and close-ended questions was used in the questionnaire. Provision was there so the respondents could choose multiple responses in some of the questions. After pre testing the instrument, some questions were modified and a few ambiguous questions were dropped. Clustered sampling method was used to divide Dhaka City into different units and then convenient sampling was used. Sample was chosen...

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management - Essay Example They communicate this to others and develop strategies for achieving the vision. They also motivate workers and negotiate for resources and other supports aimed at achieving the organization’s goals. Managers on the other hand ensure that the organization’s resources are well organized and utilized to produce the best results (Cherie and Gebrekidan, 2005). However, due to dynamic nature of the world in which managers operates, they also need to be leaders. In health care delivery, it is common for nursing leaders and managers to apply different approaches in solving issues that affect the the health care facility. A case in point has been witnessed with regard to their approach to nursing shortage and turn-over. Carlton and the University of Colorado (2009) note that shortage of nurses is a significant crisis that impacts on the delivery of quality healthcare services. It is, therefore, very important for the nursing leaders and managers to understand the causes for the m to be able to tackle the issue. The major factors that have been singled out as the major contributors of nursing shortage include demand and supply issues such as job dissatisfaction, burnouts, and other challenges within the working environment (Carlton and University of Colorado at Denver, 2001). ... in this case entails, improving working condition and welfare of workers, improving salaries and other benefits that are competitive to instill satisfaction and motivate them. Another strategy used is carrying out recruitment immediately a shortage is realized (Cherie and Gebrekidan, 2005). 2. Compare and contrast how you would expect nursing leaders and managers to approach your selected issue. Support your rationale by using the theories, principles, skills, and roles of the leader versus manager described in your readings. Just as Carlton and the University of Colorado (2009) note, a good leader should have a sense of mission, must be decisive; charismatic and able to rally people to work together toward the achievement of a common goal. A leader must also be creative to be able to solve organizational problems and build a conducive working environment that produces satisfaction. A manager on the other hand must ensure that the institutional resources are well organized and utiliz ed towards achievement of best results (Carlton and University of Colorado at Denver, 2009). This implies that a manager ensures that things get done. With regard to the issue of nursing shortage and turn-over, I would expect the nursing leaders and managers to first address the issues that trigger nursing shortage and turn-over, especially those within their management control. This is due to my philosophy which is employee-based. This is a better strategy in my opinion and contrast with approaches of reorganization and restructuring used by some leaders and managers. This is because I believe that reorganization and restructuring alone may not motivate employees, a factor that has been identified as the major contributor of turn-over in thw nursing profession. Carlton and the University

Defense Budget Cuts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Defense Budget Cuts - Essay Example The defense cuts are likely to cause irreparable harm not only on the capabilities of institutions but also to the men and women in uniform. However, compared to education, healthcare and green economy, spending within the military is a deprived basis of creating jobs1. Pollin and Heidi show that $1 billion investment in clean energy, education and healthcare generates between 50 % and 140% more jobs compared to similar amount spent by the pentagon2. Nevertheless, it is impossible to separate concept of economic security from that of national security since they are both dependent on each other because the current threats to US economic and national security are identical3. Therefore, regardless of whether the US remains a super power or not, the country has to invest in military capabilities to respond to these threats. Although maintaining robust defense is essential, the prevailing economic challenges to the US pose a unique challenge to defense budget; hence, the need for the def ense sector to rise to the challenges of the turbulent times. Although many defense experts believe that the defense sector requires extra funding in modernizing its weapons, they mostly fall short of quantifying certain shortfalls with recent comparisons targeting defense budget with regard to the GDP4. With regard to capability, depth and conventional power, the US military remains the dominant force in the world, which is also true to the size of the nation’s defense budget. For instance, the country’s defense spending is 7 times that of the second leading nation; moreover, the US spent 29 times more compared to the 6 rogue states of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Libya, Syria and Sudan, in addition, US defense budget is greater than the GDP of these nations5. Therefore, it is clear that the US enjoys a substantial advantage in its size of the defense budget owing to the largely technologically advanced military that requires substantial funding.

Strengths Of The Nazi Economic Policies History Essay

Strengths Of The Nazi Economic Policies History Essay There are three points that would help us understand the great economic depression of 1929. These are â€Å"The business cycle, effect of US economy on the world and the importance of the share market†. The business cycle is a graph that depicts the real-output of the economy with respect to time. Although the growth of an economy is linear but it is noticed that the economy trend is like a roller-coaster, reaching a pinnacle and dipping down to the trough. It is classified as the boom phase when the economy is performing above the growth trend, and a recession when it underperforms. With the use of fiscal and monitory policies, the government bodies try to increase the ceiling of the peak and sustain it longer. And reduce the depth of the trough and the time span. After the Great War (WW1) USA provided many European nations loans to repair their industry and infrastructural damage caused by the war, this meant that the money lend by the USA was also circulated to their colonies. And this means that the money lent by the USA was circulated in a large portion of the world and therefore most of the economies were dependent on these loans. A economy is heavily dependent on the stock market and its performance guides investments of the economy like FDI and FFI As the USA’s stock market failed all the loans and investment around the world by the USA withdrew and both the world and US economy entered into a recession, which developed into a depression and later into the great economic depression. Most economist also speculate that the great economic depression was 4 consecutive depression within each other. And could have been saved by the USA government’s intervention before the catastrophe. The great economic depression of 1929 caused a major havoc in the international economy. Germany was especially hard hit because of The Peace Treaty of Versailles that imposed sanctions restrictions and a heavy reparation on it. Thus barring Germany’s growth stagnating economic development. American loans to help rebuilt the Germany economic, which were successful to achieve the pre-war output and a pseudo-stable economy, stopped because of the great depression. As a result, unemployment soared to 30%; the war reparation due by Germany was suspended by the Lausanne conference of 1932. By that time, Germany had already repaid 1/8th of the war reparation assigned to it by the peace treaty of Versailles. The Nazi party comes in power in 1933. Moreover, the shortcomings of the Weimar Republic were set as an example of failures and were used to drive the economy out of the great economic depression. When the conventional neoclassical theory failed to provide any panacea to overcome the predicament, many economies turned towards Keynesian economic policies for a solace. Keynesian policy suggested government intervention to help the economy revive. This idea contradicted the conventional neoclassical school of thought, which suggested that, the economy would revive on its own. When the Nazi came to power in 1933, they had three major domestic economic issues; unemployment, hyperinflation, improving living standards; all the issues were inter-related and had a common solution. The economy was now state control and rearmament was its main goal. Socialist effect on the economy made it unnecessary for women to work. There was an increase in the number of marriages and childbirths. Suicides committed by the youth below 20 years dropped by 80% between the years 1933-1939, suggesting better living standards than in 1933 indicating economic stability. The world economic situation supported the theory of â€Å"the stab in the back†, as leading economists were Jewish and the economic failure was an ongoing plot by the Jewish people, as a whole, to achieved global domination. These banking organizations influenced Nations States by extensions or with holding of credits. These events linked with Nazi prospective of Jewish people. Consumption pattern of Nazi Germany changed, although with a decrease in real income by 25% the employment rate zoomed to 100% the downward stickiness of labor price were countered by rules and regulation of employment policies banning strikes and labor rights to negotiate. Private Property rights were defused. Profit incentives for business owners were retained, to gui de the economy according to the needs of the state. â€Å"Although fixing of profits was, not their suppression, but was the official policy of the Nazi party†. The heavy taxes on profits guaranteed the direction of the economy. Hitler the early Nazi party did not consider economic policies as a major contributor to popularity, but the economic depression changed Nazi prospective of the economy. By understanding the economic policies and comparing them with the real life events, we can conclude the success of Nazi economic policies and the effectiveness of it against the great economic depression of 1929 with respect to the real life example Nazi Economic Policies As soon as Hitler moved into office, the three major issues that needed urgent addressing were Unemployment Hyperinflation Improving the living standards of the middle class. All the listed issues were interlinked or interdependent and the solutions were under one umbrella. To combat unemployment Nazi took refuge of the Aryan culture. After World War 1 Germany witnessed an increase by 37% of women in the work force. Aryan culture depicted women as homemaker men as breadwinners. This made it as unnecessary for women to work thus they were excluded from the unemployed category. To cover up this step posters propaganda that suggested the contribution of women to the economy was extremely high could not be quantified or priced. The two major programs implemented by Nazis to generate employment were the rearmament program and the Reinhardt program for infrastructural development. Both of these programs suggest war preparation of the Nazi German for World War II. German men were projected as either soldiers or laborers. The wages were now controlled by the government, which decreased the real income by 25%. This is against economic rules, which suggested that labors would not work under wages less then what they previously received. However, because trade unions were banned worker could not oppose this norm. Strikes and any other form of protest were also banned. Change in employment was strictly regulated even farmers had rules norms of what to cultivate, at what price. This also meant that prices of products in the market could be controlled. Hyperinflat ion was thus countered by the above mention strategy. We should know that one policy would never solve an economic issue so huge. Expenditure on public goods, and increased provision of merits goods like infrastructure, education, healthcare, and schemes promoting â€Å"Aryan Population† were placed to encourage consumption, trade, production, activities that help the economy to achieve full employment. Production in private sector was highly encouraged by provision of cheap labor from concentration camps. Hitler himself felt private property rights should be encouraged but the need of the hour suggested collaborative controlled acceleration of economy out of the great economy depression. The military spending constituted of 10% of the GDP of the nation, higher than any other European nation. This practice is termed as Military Keynesianism. High levels of imports were kept secrets until 1936 to boost consumer confidence discourage crowding out in the domestic market. Although these methods caused a huge deficit for the government, a part of the Keynesian economic policy being implemented by Nazi Germany. Total state control was not a Keynesian police. It was the effect of dictatorial and situational political scenario. Improving middle class living standard was the key objective of the Nazi party. Being a socialist party Nazis encouraged socialism amongst the society. Nazi self-help group that were created by before they come to power suggested the economy would have a blend of right left objectives. Production of cheap consumer goods was encouraged; an example of this is the foundation of Volkswagen in the year 1937. Provision of subsidized goods can also be inferred as a method to provide cheap consumer goods meant increased public consumption meant an increase in demand, which increase consumer confidence and encouraged production. The cash flow cycle had less leaks and high injections leading to a better lifestyle and increased production. The per capita buying capacity also increased. The solution to one issue would cause domino effect on the other issues. Although there is a decrease in real wages, full employment meant that every individual had the buying capacity. The number of government created jobs increased and the perks that government officer received helped improve the living standards. Socializing effected the competition of in the domestic market as profit was not the main goal of the economy or the firm. This meant better products at cheaper prices. The middle class living standard was upgraded from where they were in 1933. Nazi Economic Policy: Effect The economic growth of the economy was state controlled and it intended to rapidly overcome the great economic depression. This meant the faster the state achieved its goal the faster the people became richer. Unemployment causes unrest in the society, hunger breeds revolutions. Hitler was willing to do anything that would help increase employment. If we look at German employment programs it reveals the motive of the programs was not revenue seeking but socialist in nature, these programs intended to serve two purposes at a time like rearmament , better infrastructure or anything that German need. Improvement of the German infrastructure industry was a war preparatory procedure for war where military or the armed forces could be mobilized throughout the nation and its border. In June 1933 the ambitious â€Å"Reinhardt Program† was introduced for development of infrastructure. It was supported by indirect incentives such as tax reduction and direct public investment in waterways, rail-roads and highways. The Programme was followed by similar initiatives resulting in the great expansion of the German construction industry between 1933 to 1936. Many international companies that dealt with The Third Reich used Jewish salves to run the industrial plants like Daimler-Benz also used prisoners of wars to run their plants; Krupp made gas chamber; Bayer worked as a small part of the enormous IG Farben chemistry monopoly; and Hugo Boss designed the SS uniforms. Many companies now claim that either they did not know the truth of Nazi motives or had lost control of their plants or units in Germany. Provision of cheap labor from the concentration camps lured business throughout the world to open production plants or unit in Germany. This led to an increase in production of manufactured goods in Germany. It was Germany’s chief export. Thus, these products were available to the German masses at a cheaper rate. This led to an increase in the German Gross Product (GNP) by an average of 9.5%, the rate of industrial development rose by 17.2% between the year 1933-1936. Consumption and private-public consumption during the same perio d increased by 18.7% and 3.6% annually respectively. This expansion propelled the German economy out of a deep depression and into full employment in less than 4 years. According to the historian Richard Evans, prior to the outbreak of the war the German â€Å"Economy had recover from the depression faster than its counter parts in other countries. Germany’s foreign debt had established interest rates had fallen to half their 1932 level; the stock exchange had recovered from the depression the Gross National Product had raised by 81% over the same period. Inflation and unemployment had been concurred†. these are indicators of the economic stablity Nazi viewed private property right as conditioned upon the mode of use. Privately Hitler started in 1942, â€Å"I absolutely insist on protecting private property. †¦..We must encourage private initiative†. Under Nazi free completion and regulation by a market, greatly decreased. If the private property did not correspond with Nazi goal was nationalized. Threats of takeover were used to encourage compliance with government production plans even if it would cost profits. Although Nazis transferred public ownership and services to the private sector. They increased state control regulations and interference in economic affairs. Even farmers had to follow the central plan of agriculture, which tied the farmers to their land. Farm ownerships were private but discretion of operations and profits were taken away. Production prices were controlled via quota system. Cartels were compulsory and permanent in all industries. Eventually these were dissolved to be replaced by bodies that are more authoritarian. Profit incentives for business owners were retained, though greatly modified through various profit making schemes. Guiding allocation of investments according to the economic planning by Nazi government agencies. Government finance eventually dominated investment process, which the proportion of private securities issued falling from half of the total in 1933 and 1934 to approximately 10% in 1935-1938. Although large firms were mostly exempted from taxes on profit unlike small businesses, the Government control was so extensive that it only left â€Å"The shell of private ownership†. Although taxes and subsidies were used to direct the economy, the use of terror as an incentive for compliance and agreement was the under lying policy. For any business owner who persuade his self-interest in place of the states was deemed to death or concentration camps. The firm’s in spite of such control by the state had significant freedom in planning th eir own production investment activity. Although following Italy’s lead German economy aimed towards achieving Autarky (autocracy) that is self-sufficiency but because Germany lacked raw material this was not possible. Germany reduced imports of raw materials in order to help German heavy industry. World prices for raw materials were on the rise. At the same time world prices for manufactured goods, Germany chief exports, were falling. A large trade deficit was inevitable but Autarky helped sustaining the economy. Germany did not and could not, strive for fall Autarky as it lacked resources. The Government tried to limit its number of trade partners, and, when possible, only trade with countries within the German Sphere of influence. Suggesting protectionist methods for the domestic market. German businesses were encouraged to form monopolies and oligopolies whose interest was protected by the state. Cartels quasi-cartels, whether big business or small set prices, engaged i n limiting production and agreed to classify consumer to realize monopoly profit. The Government and big business formed a symbiotic relation where the business leader supported the government’s goals in return of economic policies that maximize their profits. The rearmament industry was supported by the state to reach their military goal to support such industry labor books were introduced, trade unions and collective bargaining and right to strike was abolished. Nazi economic policies: analysis Keynesian And Military Keynesian Policies Keynesian policies introduced government intervention in a free market economy. The previously popular neo-classical method explained that an economy would recover on its own without government intervention on the contrary it could create havoc in the economy and disturb its balance. Neo classical the school of thought would explain that the demand and supply would mutually reach equilibrium. Keynesian policies proposed a balance where the private sector was the primary dominator but was supported by the public sector and the government, a combination of monetary and fiscal policies is used to balance out the effects of the business cycle on the economy. It was fairly a new concept introduced in the nineteen thirties it was a midway between laissez-faire capitalism and socialism. This model was used by countries after world war one to recover from the great economic depression of 1929. The German economy was driven by these policies, they were modified by the nation to suit their ne eds, it provided the economy with support it needed after the great economic depression. The economy was focused at rearmament and all the programs that were deployed were aimed at the military goal of the nation. War preparation dominated the German economy after 1933. Initially the economy was state driven and controlled by the state, the demand and supply were control and government intervention was increasing in all sectors. Huge amounts of deficit spending on provision of public goods helped pave a path for businesses and would later helped in mobilization of the armed forces. The economy intended to achieve economic self-sufficiency or autarky. It is also were considered a form of military Keynesianism. Although the economy entered into the war it was successful in overcoming the great economic depression and achieved fully employment it could not work without government intervention or did not have the opportunity to function without government intervention or support. In Keynes’s theory, there are some micro-level actions of individuals and firms that can lead to aggregate macroeconomic outcomes in which the economy operates below its potential output and growth. Some classical economists had believed in says law, that supply creates its own demand, so that a general glut would therefore be impossible. Keynes contended that aggregate demand for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns, leading to unnecessarily high unemployment and losses of potential output. Keynes argued that government policies could be used to increase aggregate demand, thus increasing economic activity and reducing unemployment and deflation. Keynes argued that the solution to depression was to stimulate the economy (inducement to invest) through some combination of two approaches: a reduction in interest rates and government investment in infrastructure. Investment by government injects income, which results in more spending in the general economy, which in turn stimulates more production and investment involving still more income and spending and so forth. The initial stimulation starts a cascade of events, whose total increase in economic activity is a multiple of the original investment. A central conclusion of Keynesian economics is that, in some situations, no strong automatic mechanism moves output and employment towards full employment levels. This conclusion conflicts with economic approaches that assume a general tendency towards equilibrium. In the neoclassical synthesis, which combines Keynesian macro concepts with a micro foundation, the conditions of general equilibrium allow for price adjustment to achieve this goal. The policies are still in use by U. S. A. and the UK in a moderated and democratic way. The economy intended to Increase that real wages of the workers, or at least the lifestyle they led to. Every German worker was promised a car and therefore a sum of their wages and was set to be deducted for the car. The German workers did not see the car even after they paid the necessary amount set by the government the cars were not delivered to any of the workers in the Nazi years. There were many such traps in the German society where the workers had many forms of deductions from their wages such as old age insurance, dues to the labor front and at other voluntary Contributions to the Nazi party. Although everyone was employed but the real wages decreased To Half their level in 1928, in addition to get to fifteen to thirty-five percent of their Wages were deducted as taxes and voluntary Contributions. The opportunity cost that the government faced Was Reduction in investment in education Healthcare and quality consumer goods. These policies were also used to create Allies who was then forced by the bilateral agreements to create an increase dependency on Germany therefore they not only supported in Germany they would depend upon it for consumer goods [Germany’s main Export] when in Germany entered the war these nations for dragged along into the war with Germany. The socialist impact on the economy Post world war one Germany was under the dilemma of whose fault it was, The peace treaty of Versailles declaired That Germany was solely responsible for world war one. A conflict of an identity struck the German masses and the blame game began many theories came forward suggesting whose fault it was. The Nazis seized this as an opportunity and generated a huge amount of following. The German ambition got the better of German sensibility. In 1933 Hitler requested then Those in Hindenburg to dissolve the government and re-elect a government as the nation entered a full blown recession. After the elections The Nazi party became the largest party in opposition and Adolph Hitler became the chancellor of Germany, President Hindenburg and the cabinet to of ministers believed that they could control him but as the course of history unfolded, it was prominent that they were unsuccessful. The further course of history is known to all. Socialism means equal distribution of wealth in the society. The gap between the rich and the poor was intended to reduce. All of the policies that the Nazi government introduced were The Perceived short comings of the Weimar Republic and to increase the domestic support for the party. The Rearmaments program intended to prepare the nation for the war The Goering’s Four year plan was a turning point in the Nazi regime. The control on industries in Germany tightened up under this program. Although the production of oil, rubber and armaments fell short of what the Nazis wanted. Production of other goods such as aluminum increased greatly. By the end of 1938 Germany’s industrial production had increased by hundred and five percent since 1933 although successful in the economy was not prepared for the war. After 1937 Schacht resigned, he was replaced by â€Å"funk† a Nazi puppet, Goering became the real economic dictator. The program intended to make German self-suf ficient in industry and agriculture. Before the Nazi came to power they had organized self-help groups with the slogan â€Å"Anyone who does not have a shirt, Can always put on a green one (Nazi shirt)† the camps would organize Fold, shelter and work. This was also an initiation of creating a stronghold in Germany and its masses, this represented that the Nazi party could to make a difference even when not in power, the loyalty that these programs induced Was Too high for logical reasoning. The use of mass rallies was intended to convey the facts but without causing a stir. It was not the speeches but the tone That mesmerized the audience. Socialism was a prominent feature in the Nazi party. Community gatherings, Lunch and dinner And celebration was a common Happening. Distribution of gets during Christmas by the prominent a Nazi leaders was a common sight. Hitler Was many a times depicted As a grandfather like image When he grew old. The remained a bachelor all his life To be fantasized by women as the perfect of bachelor. In 1933 Hitler said: ‘In my state the mother is the most important citizen.’ But in Nazi Germany all mothers were not treated equally. Women who bore racially undesirable children were punished and those who produced racially desirable children were awarded. They were given favoured treatment in hospitals and were also entitled to concessions in shops and on theatre tickets and railway fares. To encourage women to produce many children, Honor Crosses were awarded. A bronze cross was given for four children, silver for six, and gold for eight or more. Conclusion According to me, the German economic policies were anti-democratic and in the long run unsustainable but the it worked just like the plaster on a fractured arm, it helped the economy heal but the collateral damage by the war was extensive and the economy was not ready to take a blow. In my opinion, the economy worked and would be a success if Germany did not enter the war and eased out to a combination of state control and free market form. Releasing the tension and unrest between the government and the distressed subjects Lukas, John. Washington Post’s Book World,. 2006. Print. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Festa, Paul. Probing IBMs Nazi connection CNET News. Technology News CNET News. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2010. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009. Keynesian economics: Definition from Answers.com. Answers.com: Wiki QA combined with free online dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedias. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2010. . Keynesian economics: Definition from Answers.com. Answers.com: Wiki QA combined with free online dictionary, thesaurus, and encyclopedias. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2010. . Nazism Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2009.

The Reasons And Effects Of Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

One of the most define issue of our epoch is planetary clime alteration. It is the biggest menace to the hereafter of life on Earth. Rising mean temperature, high tide degrees, ocean salt and sourness ( pH ) , air current forms and utmost conditions events including drouths, heavy precipitation, heat moving ridges and the strength of tropical cyclones like hurricanes and typhoons are some utmost conditions events as a consequence of clime alteration. So, clime alteration confronts humanity arguably with the most serious challenge that it has of all time faced. The more it is studied it shows that there are some elements of this serious menace. These elements need to be understood to cut down these alterations and do things slower as the concluding result will be ‘Catastrophe ‘ due to these alterations. 2. What Is Climate? Climate is the long term prevalent conditions conditions of an country. The general or mean upwind conditions of a certain part including temperature, rainfall, and air current is called clime. 3. What is Climate alteration? Climate alteration is a long term alteration in the statistical distribution of conditions forms over periods of that scope from decennaries to 1000000s of old ages. The alteration may be in the mean conditions conditions or a alteration in the distribution of conditions events with regard with an norm. These alterations may be limited to a specific part or may happen universe broad. The definition of clime alteration given in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is considered best as it is â€Å" A alteration of clime which is attributed straight or indirectly to human activity that alters the planetary composing of planetary ambiance and which is in add-on to natural clime variableness observed over comparable clip periods. † Any sort of alteration has a direct consequence and clime alteration is no different. It affects human civilisation. But the alterations we talk about are planetary and different. These alterations will convey calamity might stop human civilisation. The American HeritageA ® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, A © Random House, Inc. 2010. 4. Reason of clime alteration: Change in planetary clime has some peculiar grounds. The chief ground of planetary clime alteration is addition of Carbon gases in the ambiance. a ) Greenhouse consequence: Certain gases in the ambiance behave like the glass on a green house, leting sunshine to come in, but barricading heat from get awaying. During twenty-four hours earth becomes hot as it absolves heat and at dark clip it releases heat. But some C gases block the heat and Earth can non let go of heat usually. So, our Earth becomes hotter and temperature rises which causes alteration in clime. B ) Addition in emanation of Carbon gases: Carbon gases are heat shriving, such as CO2. Increase of C gases in the ambiance makes earth hotter than normal. So, inordinate emanation of Carbon gases cause rise of temperature in the environment which is one of the major ground of clime alteration. degree Celsius ) Deforestation: Deforestation is one of the major causes of planetary clime alteration. Cuting trees is non good for environment as tree consumes CO2from the environment. Deforestation does non assist to cut down C gases from the environment. vitamin D ) Volcanic eruption: Volcanic eruption disposes dozenss of C gases in the ambiance which is largely responsible for the addition of planetary temperature. vitamin E ) Massive population growing: Massive population growing is an indirect cause of clime alteration. Peoples cuts tree, uses fossil fuel and does many other things to carry through their demands. These activities are non good for environment. So the addition in population agencies addition in the rate of clime alteration. degree Fahrenheit ) Dependence on fossil fuel: Peoples of the Earth are extremely dependent on fossil fuel. As they have really limited resource on alternate energy beginning they largely use fossil fuel as energy beginning. But fossil fuel is a really high beginning of emanation of Carbon gases. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , 2001. â€Å" Working Group I Third Assessment Report. † Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. 881 pp. National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) . 2001. â€Å" Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions. â€Å" National Academies Press. 42 pp. Cynthia Rosenzweig, Goddard Institute for Space Studies ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.giss.nasa.gov/ ) William Solecki, Hunter College, City University of New York hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hunter.cuny.edu/ ) 5. Effectss of clime alteration: Climate alteration has terrible consequence on humanity and life on Earth. Day by twenty-four hours our Earth is altering and it ‘s acquiring a difficult topographic point to populate on. Climate alteration is the ground for assorted natural catastrophes of recent clip. It has made the whole environment system unpredictable. a ) Average temperature rise: As a consequence of clime alteration the mean temperature of the Earth has increased. It has made the environment inconsistent and the Earth ‘s season circle has collapsed due to this ground. 1990 was the warmest decennary in last 1000 twelvemonth and in this decennary temperature increased about at consecutive graph. B ) High tide: As a consequence of temperature rise ice of south and North Pole will be melted fast and the H2O will eventually make the ocean. So, the sea degree will lift significantly and high tides will go a new job. Coastal civilisations like SriLanka, Maldives and Fiji will be destroyed. Rising sea degree will hold sever consequence on states like Bangladesh, Australia, India, Indonesia as most of their land will travel under H2O. degree Celsius ) Increase in ocean salt and sourness: Scientists have found oceans are able to shrive some of the extra CO2 released by human activity. So the more CO2 in the ambiance means the more in the oceans. This will increase the salt and sourness of sea H2O. Research show that some of the sea H2O ‘s Salinity and sourness will increase approximately 30 % after the terminal of twenty-first century. vitamin D ) Extreme conditions events: Global clime alteration will convey utmost conditions events like ‘Super Storm ‘ . These storms will hold air currents velocity of more than 200 stat mi and will destruct anything at its manner. Global heating will engender many ace storms. vitamin E ) Massive tropical cyclone: Climate alteration will increase the denseness of tropical cyclone. These cyclones are monolithic and destructive. Hurricane Katrina is the worst possible illustration of that in recent clip. Economic harm due to Katrina was 81 billion USD and estimated recovery needs more than 200 billion USD. Sometimes tropical cyclone brings high tide and boom storm. ‘Abdu'l-Baha , from a Tablet translated from Persian, quoted in a memoranda on â€Å" Gaia and Nature, † to the Universal House of Justice from its Research Department of the Baha'i World Centre, 8 June 1992. See World Commission on Environment and Development ( Brundtland Commission ) , Our Common Future ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987 ) . Bouma-Prediger, Steven, For the Beauty of the Earth ( Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2001 ) P 6. International jurisprudence to cut down clime alteration: A political understanding such as the Copenhagen Accord may be considered as a measure frontward if it is taken earnestly by those who want to continue with its executing. The authorization of such understanding will basically depend on whether its executing can be effected through political force per unit area from Governments, civil society. There are two ways the Accord could assist the clime treatments to predate in 2010: a ) It could function as an input to the AWGs. During treatments, the working groups could mention to the papers and the determinations agreed by Heads of State. B ) The Accord could go the karyon of a new international clime policy program to develop clime policy outside the UNFCCC with a limited figure of states back uping it and working under the commissariats of the papers. With respect to its contents, the chief elements of the Copenhagen Accord are that: a ) Countries officially commit to the 2 degree mark but it neither translates this figure into GHG emanations ( including a peak twelvemonth ) nor describes processs for attempt sharing. B ) By the terminal of January 2010, Appendix I to the Accord will consist of economy-wide marks for 2020 pledged voluntarily by developed states through a bottom up procedure. Developed states can perpetrate to implement separately or jointly quantified emanation lessening marks, to be Measured, Reported and Verified ( MRVed ) based on guidelines bing under the UNFCCC. Following the analysis of Egenhofer and Georgiev ( 2009 ) , the most determined upper bound of the pledges for 2020 submitted before Copenhagen, combined with the executing of the national programs in China and India, would convey the Earth towards a 3.2A °C addition by 2100 at best. C ) Improvement of actions in developing states will be supported instantly through new and extra, predictable and sufficient beginnings of support. To this terminal the corporate committedness of developed states is nearing US $ 30 billion for the period between 2010-2012, turning to US $ 100 billion a twelvemonth in 2020 with balanced portion between version and extenuation. Thereby, for the first clip promise to a end of reciprocally mobilise is set and could let go of the fiscal dead end giving farther drift to the betterment of C markets. It is normally stated that the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund shall be well-known to back up undertakings, coders, policy and other actions in increasing states related to betterment. A high degree panel will be established to analyze the part of the likely beginnings of net incomes. vitamin D ) A Technology system shall be established by the understanding, even though no inside informations of this system or thoughts behind the term have been provided. vitamin E ) The comparative importance of, every bit good as interaction between, these three paths will merely go clear over the following months, peculiarly in February when it will go evident which Parties have authorized the understanding. On the other manus, even if all of the chief emitters support the chief consequence of COP 15, the Copenhagen understanding, there will still be the demand for extra treatment. There are, for illustration, many more chances for set uping a more sustainable international betterment class, some of which have been identified by the AWG-LCA and the AWG-KP, that are non recognized in the Copenhagen understanding. degree Fahrenheits ) Low C conveyance systems require an included attack that lessening distances traveled prioritizes low-carbon manners and decreases the carbon-emissions of vehicles. For this ground, engineering is non limited to the energy effectivity of vehicles and bio-fuels but refers to power efficient conveyance systems as a whole, on top of any size from the local to the national. Technology Transfer under the UNFCCC is treated every bit supplying the capableness to invent and use engineerings. It is hence in theory well-matched to the conveyance system position and a engineering mechanism should provide capacity constructing sing all manners of sustainable conveyance. g ) The Copenhagen understanding endorses the significance of C markets as a agency to acquire emanation cut down but it does non propose the creative activity of a sector crediting system. In rule, Parties agree to extra work with the instrument but the hereafter of the Kyoto Protocol is still dubious and the treatments of the AWG-KP in Copenhagen resulted in advancement. The same applies to likely developments of the CDM under the AWG-KP, which could function to do the system more suited for undertakings in the conveyance sector. This would be helpful for conveyance as to day of the month there are few CDM conveyance related undertakings. Several recommendations have been developed for ways in which barriers to the greater engagement of the conveyance sector in the CDM flexible system could be overcome. Egenhofer, Christian and Georgiev, Anton ( 2009 ) : The Copenhagen Accord – A first pang at decoding the deductions for the EU. CEPTS Commentary, 25 December 2009. Niklas, Michiel Schaeffer, Claudine Chen, Bill Hare, Katja Eisbrenner, Markus Hagemann, Christian Ellermann ( 2009 ) , Copenhagen Climate Deal – How to Close the Gap, Briefing paper, Ecofys & A ; Climate Analytics, 15 December H ) UNFCCC adopts a jurisprudence of â€Å" common but differentiated undertakings. † The parties fixed that: * The biggest portion of historical and modern planetary emanations of nursery gases originated in developed states ; * Per capita emanations in developing states are still relatively low ; * The portion of planetary emanations arising in developing states will raise to acquire together societal and development necessities. 7. Recommendation: * International: Require states to information on national schemes in the field of conveyance through their National substructure. Construct up a sector attack for international conveyance. Implement a sector halt working in a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action. Provide Parties with ordinance for conveyance NAMA. Develop control for Programmed of Activity ( PoA ) in the conveyance sector. Develop attacks for even transport baselines under the CDM Develop counsel for how both public and private sector conveyance Stakeholders can entree money for accommodation For a more elaborate treatment of conveyance NAMAs see Dalkmann, H. , Sakamoto, K. , Binsted, A. and Avery, K. ( 2009b ) Schemes to convey land conveyance into the clime alteration dialogues. Discussion Paper. Available from possible conveyance NAMA commissioned by the ADB and IDB. * National: put sector emanation lessening end on a national degree Particular conveyance Nationally Appropriate betterment Action must be developed specially in states that have a immense portion of emanations from the conveyance sector, otherwise who are likely to in the coming old ages? Conduct pilot undertakings to demo climate proofing of conveyance systems, largely in metropoliss. Submit indexs for farther combination of the conveyance sector into National Adaptation policy. 8. Decision: So what ‘s following? The challenge that climate alteration airss to mankind requires the international society to maintain on pressing frontward. The sum of options, options and bracketed text in bill of exchange AWG paperss demonstrates the big sum of negociating work that still needs to be done. It is besides likely that even if an understanding under the UNFCCC could be reached in 2010, there will still be a batch work needed to place the implementing necessities by 2012. In a procedure presently characterized by so much uncertainness, two things are clear – 2009 saw a major addition in the repute of the conveyance sector in the clime alteration argument, and the energy must be maintained to do certain that the nexus between conveyance and clime policy is strengthened in 2010.

Regional Economic Cooperation Essay

One of the most important developments in the world trade system in the 1990s has been the emergence of regional cooperation. The end of the Cold War reduced political tensions between countries in Asia as well as globalizing production processes and increasing vertical integration. Cities like Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, and Singapore have been lifting their populations out of poverty in part through cooperative arrangements with neighboring countries. Transnational economic zones have utilized the different endowments of the various countries of East Asia, exploiting cooperative trade and development opportunities. Transfer of technology and manufacturing between nations has allowed them to develop sequentially. Information technology has improved linkages between economies and put remote regions in contact with the world. The private sector provides capital for investment; the public sector provides infrastructure, fiscal incentives, and the administrative framework to attract industry. Regional cooperation is now considered the means of enhancing economic development and providing economic security within the regions. Trade among ASEAN members accounted for more than 23% of all trade by member nations in 1994, topping that of any of the group’s major trading partners. Singapore has concentrated on becoming the technology center for Southeast Asia, sending labor-intensive operations to low-cost neighboring countries like Malaysia and Indonesia in special mutual cooperative trade and development arrangements known as growth triangles or growth polygons. The Southern Growth Triangle, also known as SIJORI (Singapore, the Johore state of Malaysia, and Riau Province of Indonesia), was formed in 1989 and covers a population of about 6 million people. It attracted $10 billion in private sector investments during its first five years. Such regional economic cooperation has occurred in other Asian regions as well, spurring economic development. Growth triangles are expected to be a continued driving force for growth in Asian economies throughout the 1990s. Four growth triangles have been established since 1989, involving parts of 11 countries. There are currently eight growth polygons in East and Southeast Asia, with additional triangles being planned. For example, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and China’s Yunnan Province have been discussing ways to develop the Mekong area since 1992. Regional cooperation provides a competitive model to attract investment and technology. According to the secretary general of ASEAN, Ajit Singh, â€Å"These growth areas will have to be flexible to change where necessary, innovative, and always attentive to the needs of the investors and the businessmen. They also have to be aware that they are competing with much larger countries such as China and India, whose capacities for attracting investors are much greater than their own† (Kruger 1996, 17). Asian capital markets are now watching the global economy, and large companies recognize their need to be involved in this fastest growing region in the world. The growth triangles typically group remote regions of the nations involved in an effort to exploit complementary assets within the groupings. For example, the Tumen Delta triangle integrates the capital and technology of Japan and the Republic of Korea with the natural resources of Russia and North Korea (i. e. , the People’s Democratic Republic of Korea) and the labor and agricultural resources of China. The governments of Brunei, East and West Kalimantan, and North Sulawesi of Indonesia; Sabah, Sarawak, and Labuan in Malaysia; and Mindanao and Palawan in the Philippines have given priority to expanding air and shipping routes within the East ASEAN Growth Area, another polygon. Where all parts of the polygon are at similar levels of development, growth is expected to be slower. Singapore has provided capital and technology for developments in Malaysia to support SIJORI. Thailand is expected to provide capital and experience in developing the Mekong polygon. It will encompass a population of over 400 million people offering low wages, rents, and land costs. The Southern China Growth Triangle The Southern China Growth area comprises Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the southern provinces of China (Thant et al. 1994). Because China lags behind Taiwan and Hong Kong considerably in economic development and has a very large population, growth in this triangle has enormous potential. Establishment of this triangle was spurred by market forces and private sector initiatives rather than by policy coordination among the countries. However, government policies have supported the economic links that were instituted. The PRC’s economic reforms and open door policy initiated in 1978 laid the foundation for economic success in Guangdong and Fujian provinces. Establishment of China’s first Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in 1980 provided for tax concessions, expanded land use rights, and simplified procedures for foreign investment. Policies for land use, finance, and trade were designed to reduce transaction costs and to provide greater access to the domestic as well as the world market. Policies formulated within the SEZs themselves have been even more liberal than those in other parts of the triangle. For China, the triangle has provided exports, foreign exchange, and employment as well as access to the larger global economy. Rapid economic growth and higher incomes have occurred in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces with materials and components from Taiwan’s manufacturing sectors and the support of Hong Kong’s advanced services sector. Geographical proximity and common language are the most compelling factors for capital to move across the border from Hong Kong into Guangdong Province, or for investment to flow across the Formosa Strait from Taiwan to Fujian Province. Cantonese is a Chinese dialect spoken in both Hong Kong and Guangdong, while Fujianese is spoken in both Taiwan and Fujian. For Hong Kong and Taipei, the triangle has provided a means of implementing structural changes in manufacturing and export patterns at minimal cost. In spite of recent political posturing on the part of China, economic planners in Hong Kong and Taiwan are optimistic that economic logic will continue to drive regional integration. Low-Cost Sourcing As Japanese and U. S firms seek to reduce the cost of their latest innovations, they are outsourcing production to low-cost contract manufacturers. China has a growing number of low-cost parts and components suppliers. With a minimum of overhead and a large pool of low-cost labor in China, there is a growing list of high-quality vendors in China. The continuing miniaturization of products has lead to joint ventures with companies from Japan, the United States, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and other Asian countries. The success of these firms is dependent upon providing competitive value in a timely manner. Low-cost board assembly operations in China utilize the latest SMT equipment required by new computer and telecommunications products. Capital intensity will increase as IC packaging and SMT assembly operations are installed. In the 1980s, Korea and Taiwan provided the first step in the cost reduction chain by providing the most advanced process capabilities. Singapore and Malaysia became additional sources for contract manufacturing with the establishment of global vendors like SCI and Solectron. Today, further cost reduction is possible by moving production to lower cost regions like China and the Philippines. Wong’s Electronics in Hong Kong provides a three-step process for cost reduction that includes low-cost labor, low-cost sourcing, and low-cost production designs. Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, and China are considered the home of lowest-cost manufacturing competitors in the electronics industry today. They offer limited component technology or product design skills, but provide many low-cost suppliers of generic, low-technology components. Since low-cost manufacturing countries generally lack the technologies required to become industry leaders, they must follow the technology trends as quickly as possible. OEM competitors from Taiwan and Singapore are being forced to open branch plants in China or other Southeast Asian countries to produce the most labor-intensive, cost-driven products.